{"id":3486,"date":"2021-05-11T20:59:31","date_gmt":"2021-05-11T20:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/?page_id=3486"},"modified":"2021-05-13T12:26:14","modified_gmt":"2021-05-13T12:26:14","slug":"dr-probe-examples-cl-high-res-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/dr-probe-examples-cl-high-res-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Dr. Probe Examples CL High Res"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div id=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-0c9de452\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider glide\" data-per-view=\"1\" data-gap=\"0\" data-peek=\"0\" data-autoplay=\"4000\" data-height=\"300px\" data-hide-arrows=\"false\"><div class=\"glide__track\" data-glide-el=\"track\"><div class=\"glide__slides\"><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item-wrapper glide__slide\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/drprobe-teas_001.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" data-id=\"2358\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item-wrapper glide__slide\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/drprobe-teas_002.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" data-id=\"2359\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item-wrapper glide__slide\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/drprobe-teas_003.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" data-id=\"2360\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item-wrapper glide__slide\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/drprobe-teas_004.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" data-id=\"2361\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item-wrapper glide__slide\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/drprobe-teas_005.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" data-id=\"2362\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item-wrapper glide__slide\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/drprobe-teas_006.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" data-id=\"2363\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item-wrapper glide__slide\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-slider-item\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/drprobe-teas_007.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" data-id=\"2364\"\/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"glide__bullets\" data-glide-el=\"controls[nav]\"><button class=\"glide__bullet\" data-glide-dir=\"=0\"><\/button><button class=\"glide__bullet\" data-glide-dir=\"=1\"><\/button><button class=\"glide__bullet\" data-glide-dir=\"=2\"><\/button><button class=\"glide__bullet\" data-glide-dir=\"=3\"><\/button><button class=\"glide__bullet\" data-glide-dir=\"=4\"><\/button><button class=\"glide__bullet\" data-glide-dir=\"=5\"><\/button><button class=\"glide__bullet\" data-glide-dir=\"=6\"><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-headline so-widget-sow-headline-default-feea9c97c678\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><div class=\"sow-headline-container \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"sow-headline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDr. Probe<\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"decoration\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"decoration-inside\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"sow-sub-headline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHR(S)TEM image simulation package\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-advanced-columns has-1-columns has-desktop-equal-layout has-tablet-equal-layout has-mobile-equal-layout has-default-gap has-vertical-unset\" id=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-advanced-columns-27948cc6\"><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-advanced-columns-overlay\"><\/div><div class=\"innerblocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-advanced-column\" id=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-advanced-column-cf76d8a1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:80%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/open-source-in-house-solutions\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-download\/\" style=\"background-color:#023d6b\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/open-source-in-house-solutions\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-installation\/\" style=\"background-color:#023d6b\">Installation<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/open-source-in-house-solutions\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-registration\/\" style=\"background-color:#023d6b\">Registration<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/open-source-in-house-solutions\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/\" style=\"background-color:#023d6b\">Documentation<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-background-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/open-source-in-house-solutions\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/\">Examples<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/open-source-in-house-solutions\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-development\/\" style=\"background-color:#023d6b\">Development<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-features so-widget-sow-features-default-51eddc7803e1\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><ul\n\tclass=\"sow-features-list\n\tsow-features-responsive\">\n\n\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tclass=\"sow-features-feature sow-icon-container-position-top\"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: calc(25% - 25px);\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-icon-container sow-container-round\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"color: #023d6b; \"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Structure model creation and manipulation\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-reation\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-fontawesome sow-far\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf185;\"\n\t\tstyle=\"font-size: 30px; color: #FFFFFF\" \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"sow-features-feature-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-reation\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStructure model creation and manipulation\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tclass=\"sow-features-feature sow-icon-container-position-top\"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: calc(25% - 25px);\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-icon-container sow-container-round\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"color: #023d6b; \"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Simulations with the Dr. Probe GUI\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-gui\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf35c;\"\n\t\tstyle=\"font-size: 30px; color: #FFFFFF\" \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"sow-features-feature-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-gui\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimulations with the Dr. Probe GUI\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tclass=\"sow-features-feature sow-icon-container-position-top\"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: calc(25% - 25px);\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-icon-container sow-container-round\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"color: #eb5f73; \"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Simulations with the Dr. Probe command-line tools\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-ionicons\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf394;\"\n\t\tstyle=\"font-size: 30px; color: #FFFFFF\" \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"sow-features-feature-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimulations with the Dr. Probe command-line tools\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tclass=\"sow-features-feature sow-icon-container-position-top\"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: calc(25% - 25px);\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-icon-container sow-container-round\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"color: #023d6b; \"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Publications\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-publications\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-fontawesome sow-far\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf0c5;\"\n\t\tstyle=\"font-size: 30px; color: #FFFFFF\" \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"sow-features-feature-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-publications\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPublications\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr>\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">This online example demonstrates the simulation of coherent TEM images of a cubic perovskite SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> crystal in [110] orientation using the Dr. Probe command-line tools.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-features so-widget-sow-features-default-7972f72d0523\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><ul\n\tclass=\"sow-features-list\n\tsow-features-responsive\">\n\n\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tclass=\"sow-features-feature sow-icon-container-position-top\"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: calc(33.333% - 25px);\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-icon-container sow-container-square\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"color: #eb5f73; \"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"High-resolution TEM image simulations of SrTiO3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/dr-probe-examples-cl-high-res-2\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-fontawesome sow-far\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf044;\"\n\t\tstyle=\"font-size: 20px; color: #FFFFFF\" \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"sow-features-feature-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/dr-probe-examples-cl-high-res-2\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHigh-resolution TEM image simulations of SrTiO3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tclass=\"sow-features-feature sow-icon-container-position-top\"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: calc(33.333% - 25px);\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-icon-container sow-container-square\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"color: #023d6b; \"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"STEM image simulation of SrTiO3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/dr-probe-examples-cl-stem\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-fontawesome sow-far\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf044;\"\n\t\tstyle=\"font-size: 20px; color: #FFFFFF\" \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"sow-features-feature-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/dr-probe-examples-cl-stem\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSTEM image simulation of SrTiO3\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tclass=\"sow-features-feature sow-icon-container-position-top\"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: calc(33.333% - 25px);\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\t\t\t\tclass=\"sow-icon-container sow-container-square\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"color: #023d6b; \"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Python wrapper for the Dr. Probe command-line tools (by F. Winkler)\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/dr-probe-examples-cl-python\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sow-icon-fontawesome sow-far\" data-sow-icon=\"&#xf044;\"\n\t\tstyle=\"font-size: 20px; color: #FFFFFF\" \n\t\taria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"sow-features-feature-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-cl\/dr-probe-examples-cl-python\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPython wrapper for the Dr. Probe command-line tools (by F. Winkler)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:80px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#ebebeb\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\">Purpose<\/h4>\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The main purpose of this example is to show the basic concepts and functions of TEM image simulations with Dr. Probe step by step, such that it may serve as a template for your own work. The applied simulation approach is kept to a minimum of computational effort, while reproducing realistically the dynamics of elastic electron diffraction and partially coherent imaging by a modern aberration-corrected TEM.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is however required, that you have installed the Dr. Probe software package properly following the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-download\/\">installation instructions<\/a><\/strong> available on this website.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">TEM image simulations with Dr. Probe are composed of three major steps which separate the creation of important intermediate data. This separation allows a few short-cuts when doing parameter variations, as not all steps need to be repeated depending on the level where the parameter variation takes place.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br>Each of the three step is performed by calling a particular command-line tool:<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">1. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-celslc\/\">CELSLC<\/a><\/strong> &#8211; creating phase gratings of object slices,<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">2. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-msa\/\">MSA<\/a><\/strong> &#8211; multislice algorithm calculating the electron diffraction<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">3. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-wavimg\/\">WAVIMG<\/a><\/strong> &#8211; image calculated from an exit-plane wavefunction<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">For reproducing the individual steps below, it is recommended that you create an empty folder on your hard drive where all intermediate data will be stored, e.g. &#8216;C:\\Simulations\\Example03&#8217;. This folder is used as the working directory for all the example steps, especially for the calls of the three command-line tools.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h4 class=\"h1\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Simulation targets<\/h4>\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Before starting with a simulation it is important to denote the aims of the simulations and to clarify the involved parameters concerning the material and the microscope.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br>For the present example we want to calculate high-resolution TEM images of cubic perovskite SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> in [110] zone-axis orientation considering a spherical-aberration corrected 300 kV transmission electron microscope with 0.8 Angstrom resolution. The example will demonstrate the calculation of a single image, the calculation of a through focus image series, and the computation of a focus-over-thickness map. The images will be saved to files on the hard disk containing image intensities as raw binary data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3789 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110.cel.proj-300x126.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110.cel.proj-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110.cel.proj-768x323.png 768w, https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110.cel.proj.png 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[Left: <em>x<\/em>&#8211;<em>y<\/em>-projection and right: <em>x<\/em>&#8211;<em>z<\/em>-projection of the input structure]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\"># SrTiO3 [110] super-cell data created by BuildPrimitiveCell and CellMuncher <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> 0 0.5523 0.3905 0.5523 90.0000 90.0000 90.0000 <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> Ti 0.124955 0.250000 0.624910 1.000000 0.005100 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> Sr 0.124955 0.750000 0.124955 1.000000 0.006600 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> O 0.124955 0.750000 0.624910 1.000000 0.010800 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> O 0.374933 0.250000 0.374933 1.000000 0.010800 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> O 0.374933 0.250000 0.874978 1.000000 0.010800 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> Ti 0.624910 0.250000 0.124955 1.000000 0.005100 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> O 0.624910 0.750000 0.124955 1.000000 0.010800 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> Sr 0.624910 0.750000 0.624910 1.000000 0.006600 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> O 0.874978 0.250000 0.374933 1.000000 0.010800 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\"> O 0.874978 0.250000 0.874978 1.000000 0.010800 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">* <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h5 class=\"h2\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Object structure data<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The object structure for the following TEM image calculations is identical to the structure data created by an <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-reation\/dr-probe-examples-reation-create-structure-models\/\">example procedure<\/a><\/strong> documented on this website. You may follow this example and create the structure definition (CEL) file from scratch, or you can <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example00.STO_110.cel.zip\">download the structure files<\/a><\/strong> here and use it blindly. The structure data is a super-cell of SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> in [110] zone-axis orientation, which contains a volume of 2 unit cells as displayed in the image on the left.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Alternatively, you may copy the text on the right defining exactly the same structure and store it as a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-celslc\/dr-probe-documentation-celslc-input\/\">structure definition file (CEL)<\/a><\/strong> named &#8216;STO_110.cel&#8217; from your text editor.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Please, make sure that the structure file &#8216;STO_110.cel&#8217; is now located in a sub-folder named &#8216;cel&#8217; of the working directory.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#ebebeb\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h5 class=\"h2\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Using CELSLC to create phase gratings of the periodic object structure<\/h5>\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first step of a simulation is the preparation of object transmission functions, so-called phase gratings, with the program CELSLC providing the input for the subsequent calculation of the electron diffraction with the program MSA.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br \/>In this step, the object structure model is partitioned into a set of equidistant thin slices along the later projection direction, which is always along the <em>c<\/em>-axis of the structure model. The slices are ideally thin enough, such that each contains only one atomic plane. Slicing the object coherently with the atomic planes ensures that higher-order Laue zones are reproduced correctly by the multislice calculation. Potentials describing the elastic scattering of electrons from each slice are then calculated for a given electron energy and projected along the <em>c<\/em>-axis to the lower plane of the respective slice. The projected potentials are finally transformed into an object transmission function with approximations for weak potentials and forward-scattering, taking into account an interaction constant.<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The program CELSLC samples the object transmission functions on an orthogonal grid of points and includes a relativistic correction of the electron scattering depending on the primary electron energy. Please note that the program expects an orthogonal super-cell as input. If your input structure is not at least orthorhombic, make sure to transform it to an orthorhombic super-cell using for example CellMuncher. You may follow the example procedure on this website describing the <a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-examples\/dr-probe-examples-reation\/dr-probe-examples-reation-super-cell\/\"><strong>orthogonalization of a structure model of AlN<\/strong><\/a>. Together with the object structure model, the number of samples, the number of slices, and the electron energy (microscope high-tension) are required input parameters of the program. A full description of all program parameters can be found in the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-celslc\/\">online documentation of CELSLC<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The output of CELSLC is a series of so-called slice files (*.sli), which constitute the first intermediate data of our simulation example and will be saved to disk.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\">As I typically organize the different intermediate data in separate sub-folders of the working directory, please follow me here by creating a subfolder &#8216;slc&#8217; in your working directory for this example using the command<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\"><span id=\"code\">md slc<\/span><\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\">or use the system file explorer to create this folder.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Start the slice creation by calling CELSLC in the following way from the command-line shell:<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"code\">celslc -cel cel\\STO_110.cel -slc slc\\STO_110_300 -nx 128 -ny 90 -nz 4 -ht 300. -abs -dwf<\/span><\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The program will inform you about the read input data. In the present example, it denotes sampling rates of (0.00431484, 0.00433889, 0.13807499) nm per pixel \/ slice along the three dimensions of the super-cell. Four files &#8216;STO_110_300_*.sli&#8217; containing object transmission functions will be stored in the sub-folder &#8216;slc&#8217; as specified by the option <code>-slc slc\\STO_110_300<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br \/>A fine sampling of the object transmission functions is chosen here with the options <code>-nx 128 -ny 90<\/code>. In order to obtain a fast computation, you should choose numbers with prime factors 2, 3, and 5. The sampling numbers should be large enough to calculate all relevant diffracted beams. Usually sampling rates around 0.005 nm\/pixel are sufficient for this purpose. The number of slices was chosen here with the option <code>-nz 4<\/code> equal to the number of atomic planes in the super-cell as visible in the <em>x<\/em>&#8211;<em>z<\/em>-projection of the structure images above.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br \/>With <code>-ht 300.<\/code> the high-tension parameter specifies an electron energy of 300 keV to be used for the calculation of elastic electron scattering potentials. With the option <code>-dwf<\/code> the atomic form factors are convoluted by Debye-Waller factors, and the option <code>-abs<\/code> triggers the calculation of absorptive form factors according to Weickenmeier and Kohl [<em>Acta Cryst. A<\/em> <b>47<\/b> (1991) p. 590-597]. The absorptive form factors account for the loss of electrons in the elastic channel due to thermal diffuse scattering.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h5 class=\"h2\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Calculating exit-plane wavefunctions with MSA<\/h5>\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second step of a TEM image simulation is the calculation of electron diffraction. We apply here a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multislice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multislice algorithm<\/a><\/strong> as proposed by Cowley and Moodie [<em>Acta. Cryst.<\/em> <strong>10<\/strong> (1957) p. 609]. This algorithm is implemented in the program MSA of the Dr. Probe package. Please take a look at the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-msa\/\">online documentation of MSA<\/a><\/strong> an study the list of required and optional program parameters.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">As required parameters MSA expects that you specify the name of a parameter file and the name of an output file. All calculation parameters are set up in the parameter file. The only other program parameter used here is the option <code>\/ctem<\/code>, which tells MSA to start with a plane incident wavefunction for conventional TEM image simulation, rather than with a convergent electron probe as used in STEM image simulations.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The major work in this step is to create and write the parameter file for MSA. As the program can be used for TEM and STEM simulations, only some of the lines in this file are actually used in the present example.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Let&#8217;s now create such a parameter file in a new subfolder named &#8216;prm&#8217; using the command<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"code\">md prm<\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">or by using the system file explorer! Then store the text block on the right in a file named &#8216;msa.prm&#8217; or <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.msa.prm.zip\">download the MSA parameter file<\/a><\/strong> and store it in the sub-folder &#8216;prm&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The parameter file is a text file containing a fix sequence of program parameter values which are explained in detail in the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-msa\/\">online documentation of MSA<\/a><\/strong>. In the current example I&#8217;ve marked all parameters, which apply to STEM simulations only and are not relevant here by a respective comment (<code>! STEM only<\/code>). The STEM parameters have to be present even when you are just doing a conventional TEM simulation. The parameters most important for the present example are:<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul class=\"sub1\">\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 06: 0.00196875<\/code> &#8211; the electron wavelength in nm units. This wavelength corresponds to 300 keV electron energy as specified with the call of CELSLC in the preceding step. Since the release of MSA version 0.64 you may alternatively specify the electron energy in keV in line 6.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 27: 'slc\\STO_110_300'<\/code> &#8211; the location and name prefix of the slice files created by CELSLC in the previous step.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 28: 4<\/code> &#8211; the number of slice files created from the object structure.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 31: 1<\/code> &#8211; the detector readout period in slices. By setting this parameter to 1, MSA will export a wavefunction after each step of the multislice calculation. We obtain thus effectively a series of wavefunctions for different object thicknesses. This is a preparatory step for the later calculation of a focus-over-thickness map. You may set the periodic readout to a larger number, e.g. 4, if you are just interested in a coarser thickness variation. Or you can set this parameter to 0, if you don&#8217;t need thickness dependent wavefunctions at all. In the latter case MSA will only output one wavefunction for the maximum object thickness specified in line 32.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 32: 40<\/code> &#8211; maximum number of object slices. This number determines the maximum object thickness in the calculation. At least this number of lines have to follow in the lines below.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 33: 0<\/code> &#8211; slice ID. The slice ID is the zero-based index of a slice in the object structure as ordered by the list of slice files. In the present example, the slice file &#8216;slc\\STO_110_300_001.sli&#8217; has the ID=0.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 34: 1<\/code> &#8211; slice ID, here refering to &#8216;slc\\STO_110_300_002.sli&#8217;.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 35 2<\/code> &#8211; slice ID, here refering to &#8216;slc\\STO_110_300_003.sli&#8217;.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 36 3<\/code> &#8211; slice ID, here refering to &#8216;slc\\STO_110_300_004.sli&#8217;.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>Line 37+<\/code> &#8211; &#8230; , periodic repeat of the above slice sequence, thereby forming a periodic structure extended along the projection direction. Provide at least as many slice IDs as the number given in line 32.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">With the relevant microscope and multislice parameters set, we are now almost ready to call MSA and calculate exit-plane wavefunctions. But before, please create the sub-folder &#8216;wav&#8217;, where we will store the calculated wavefunctions. Call<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"code\">md wav<\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">or create the sub-folder using the system file explorer.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\">You may now run MSA by calling<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>msa -prm prm\\msa.prm -out wav\\STO_110_300 \/ctem<\/code><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">which will output a series of wave function files in the sub-folder &#8216;wav&#8217; with file names<\/p>\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8216;STO_110_300_sl001.wav&#8217;, &#8216;STO_110_300_sl002.wav&#8217;, &#8230; , &#8216;STO_110_300_sl040.wav&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The images above show the projected atomic structure on the left side, with Sr atoms in green color, Ti atoms in orange, and O atoms in blue. Amplitude and phase of the wavefunction after 20 slices (2.8 nm object thickness) of the multislice calculation are displayed in the center and right respectively. The strongest peaks in amplitude and phase appear at the positions of the SrO columns, peaks of intermediate strength at Ti columns, and the weakest peaks appear at the positions of pure oxygen columns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;[Microscope Parameters]&#8217; <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1.0 ! [mrad] illumination cone half-angle ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.0 ! [mrad] inner detection angle ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">20.0 ! [mrad] outer detection angle ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0, &#8216;prm\\detectors.prm&#8217; ! flag and name of STEM detector file ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.00196875 ! [nm] electron wavelength or [keV], energy <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.05 ! [nm] geometrical source size (HWHM) ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3.00 ! [nm] focus spread ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2.0 ! relative focus spread kernel width ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">7 ! focus spread kernel samples ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! number of probe aberrations ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;[Multislice Parameters]&#8217; <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.000000 ! [deg] object tilt X, stay below 5 deg! <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.000000 ! [deg] object tilt Y, stay below 5 deg! <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.0 ! [nm] horizontal scan frame offset ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.0 ! [nm] vertical scan frame offset ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1.0 ! [nm] horizontal scan frame size ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1.0 ! [nm] vertical scan frame size ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.0 ! [deg] scan frame rotation ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">100 ! horizontal scan frame samples ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">100 ! vertical scan frame samples ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! switch for partial temporal coherence ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! switch for partial spatial coherence ! STEM only<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! super-cell X repeat <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! super-cell Y repeat <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! super-cell Z repeat factor ! Ignored <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;slc\\STO_110_300&#8217; ! phase grating files (without indices and extension)<\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">4 ! number of slice files to load <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! number of frozen lattice variants per slice <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! minimum number of FL variations averaged <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! detector readout period in slices <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">40 ! max. number of slices in the object <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! slice ID <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! slice ID <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:80px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3815\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110_300_sl020.wav-300x78.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110_300_sl020.wav-300x78.png 300w, https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110_300_sl020.wav-768x199.png 768w, https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.STO_110_300_sl020.wav.png 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[Left: projected SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> structure, Center: amplitude, and Right: phase of the wavefunction of a 2.8 nm thick crystal (20 slices). In the structure projection Sr atoms are displayed in green color, Ti in orange, and Oxygen in blue. Amplitude and phase of the wavefunction are displayed in a grayscale over the range from 0.0 (black) to 2.0 (white).]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#ebebeb\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h5 class=\"h1\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Image calculations with WAVIMG<\/h5>\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the electron microscope we record the absolute square of a wavefunction which has been magnified by passing through a system of lenses, the so-called image-plane wavefunction. The image-plane wavefunction is additionally modulated due to aberrations, and the imaging process itself is affected by partial losses of coherence and further incoherent phenomena, which all essentially lead to a reduction of the image contrast.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The program WAVIMG can be used to calculate high-resolution TEM images from exit-plane wavefunctions. Calculations with WAVIMG are again controlled by a text parameter file similar to that used for MSA before. The structure and content of this parameter file is described in detail in the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/software\/stem-stm-simulation\/dr-probe\/dr-probe-documentation\/dr-probe-documentation-wavimg\/\">online documentation of the program WAVIMG<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">We will store the parameter file for WAVIMG again in the sub-folder &#8216;prm&#8217; of our working directory. In the course of this example, we will use three different parameter files for image simulations with WAVIMG, (1) for the calculation of a single image of SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> [110], (2) for the calculation of a focal series, and (3) for the calculation of focus-over-thickness map.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h6 class=\"h1\" style=\"text-align: left;\">(1) Single image calculation<\/h6>\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The text block on the right shows the content of the first parameter file, which you can copy from here into your text editor, e.g. <code>notepad.exe<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Please, store the parameter file in the sub-folder &#8216;prm&#8217; using the file name &#8216;wavimg-1.prm&#8217;. Alternatively, you may <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.wavimg.prm.zip\">download the parameter file<\/a><\/strong>. The downloaded archive contains all three parameter files of this example. Please, put all three files into the &#8216;prm&#8217; sub-folder.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Before starting the program, please make sure that all data is present as specified in the parameter file. This means the input wave function files and the MTF file &#8216;MTF-US2k-300.mtf&#8217;. In the way how the parameter file is written above, WAVIMG expects the MTF file to be in the directory from where you call the program, i.e. the working directory. You may also use a full path and file name to link to MTF data somewhere else on your computer storage.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">With all parameters set up properly, you can now run WAVIMG by calling<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">wavimg -prm prm\\wavimg-1.prm<\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">which will output a raw binary data file in the sub-folder &#8216;img&#8217; with the file name &#8216;STO_110_300.dat&#8217;. The file contains a list of intensity values, which are the image intensities arranged in an array of 64 x 45 pixels as specified in line 7 of the parameter file. The intensity values are stored as 32-bit floating point data.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The images on the right show the atomic structure of SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> on the left side, with Sr atoms in green color, Ti atoms in orange, and O atoms in blue. The calculated image of a 2.8 nm thick SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> crystal is displayed on the right. The strongest intensity peaks appear at the positions of the SrO columns, peaks of intermediate strength at Ti columns, and the weakest peaks appear at the positions of pure oxygen columns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;wav\\STO_110_300_sl020.wav&#8217; ! wave function file name <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">128, 90 ! [pix, pix] wave function samples <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.004315, 0.004339 ! [nm\/pix] wave function sampling rates <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">300. ! [keV] primary electron energy <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! image output type <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;img\\STO_110_300.dat&#8217; ! image output file name <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">64, 45 ! [pix, pix] image samples <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0, 1., 1., 0. ! [switch, mean, cts\/el., noise] image data type <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! [switch] use image frame <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.008690 ! [nm\/pix] image sampling rate <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.0, 0.0 ! [pix, pix] image offset in wave frame <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.0 ! [deg] image frame rotation <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! coherence model switch (1 &#8230; 5) <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1, 3.5 ! [switch, nm] focus-spread <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1, 0.5 ! [switch, mrad] semi-convergence <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1, 1., &#8216;MTF-US2k-300.mtf&#8217; ! [switch, scale, file name] detector MTF <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1, 0.02, 0.02, 0. ! [model, nm, nm, deg] vibration envelope <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! number of image aberrations <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1, 4.2, 0. ! [ID, nm, nm] aberration coefficients ID=1: C1 <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">5, -15000., 0. ! [ID, nm, nm] aberration coefficients ID=5: C3 <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">250. ! [mrad] image objective aperture <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0., 0. ! [mrad] image objective aperture center <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0 ! number of parameter loops<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:80px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3820\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.Img.20slc-300x115.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.Img.20slc-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.Img.20slc.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Left: projected SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> structure, Right: calculated HR-TEM image of a 2.8 nm thick crystal (20 slices). In the structure projection Sr atoms are displayed in green color, Ti in orange, and Oxygen in blue. The gray scale image covers the intensity range from 0.75 (black) to 1.85 (white) where the incident beam intensity is 1.0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#ebebeb\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.Img.20slc.FS.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3826\" width=\"260\" height=\"300\"\/><figcaption>Focal series of SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> [110] showing 2 x 3 of the previous structure units. The image defocus is indicated in the annotation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h6 class=\"h1\">2) Focal series calculation<\/h6>\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the second part of this TEM simulation example, we will calculate a focal series of SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> [110] again with 2.8 nm object thickness in slightly larger images. For this purpose we modify the parameter file in a few lines and store the changed file in the sub-folder &#8216;prm&#8217; under the file name &#8216;wavimg-2.prm&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In order to increase the size of the image by 2 x 3 of the previous size to images of 128 x 135 pixels, we change the numbers in line 7 of the parameter file respectively, reading now<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">128, 135 ! [pix, pix] image samples <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The automatic calculation of a focal series is set up via the loop functions of WAVIMG. We need here one loop over an aberration coefficient, the defocus. To set up the focus loop, please change the number in line 23 from <code>0<\/code> to <code>1<\/code>, which indicates that one parameter loop should be performed. Further append additional lines below line 23 just as listed in the text block below!<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! number of parameter loops (line 23) <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop parameter class, 1 = aberration <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop parameter index, 1 = defocus <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop variation form, 1 = ramp <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">-10.0, 10.0, 41 ! [nm, nm, number] loop range and samples <\/span><br \/><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;unused&#8217; ! loop string <\/span><\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Using this parameter file in the call to WAVIMG<\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"code\">wavimg -prm prm\\wavimg-2.prm<\/span><\/p>\n\n\u00a0\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">a series of 41 raw binary data files is created in the sub-folder &#8216;img&#8217; with the file names &#8216;STO_110_300_001.dat&#8217;, &#8216;STO_110_300_002.dat&#8217;, &#8230; , &#8216;STO_110_300_041.dat&#8217;. The files contain images of the 2.8 nm thick SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> crystal in [110] projection with image defoci changing between -10 nm and +10 nm in steps of 0.5 nm. The focal series is displayed below as animation of grayscale images.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h6 class=\"h1\" style=\"text-align: left;\">3) Calculation of a focus-over-thickness map<\/h6>\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since both, defocus and object thickness have a significant effect on the image intensity distribution, one often calculates a focus-over-thickness map in order to roughly estimate the values of these two parameters for an experimental image by visual comparison. WAVIMG provides a function for the creation of 2D parameter variation maps, which will be demonstrated in the following. For this purpose we modify the WAVIMG parameter file of the previous steps in a few lines and store the changed file in the sub-folder &#8216;prm&#8217; under the file name &#8216;wavimg-3.prm&#8217;.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first change is made already in line 1, where we tell WAVIMG, which exit-plane wavefunction is used for the image calculation. For a variation of the object thickness, we actually need different wavefunctions as input. A series of wavefunctions with increasing object thickness has been calculated by MSA in this example. The wave function files differ in their file name by a numerical index starting from &#8216;001&#8217; up to &#8216;040&#8217;, indicating the number of object structure slices used for the calculation of the respective wavefunction. This means the wavefunction &#8216;wav\\STO_110_300_sl027.wav&#8217; was extracted from the multislice calculation after the application of the object transmission function in slice number 27, corresponding to an object thickness of 3.7 nm. In order to allow WAVIMG to load any of these exit-plane waves, we change the string in line 1 to the common parts of the 40 wavefunction files names, which is &#8216;wav\\STO_110_300_sl.wav&#8217;:<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;wav\\STO_110_300_sl.wav&#8217; ! common wavefunction file name (line 1) <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">As a second step we tell WAVIMG to calculate a 2d parameter variation map by changing the image output type in line 5 and change the output file name in line 6 to prevent overwriting of previous images:<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">6 ! image output type 6 = map (line 5) <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;img\\STO_110_300_map.dat&#8217; ! image output file name (line 6) <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Accordingly the map image will be saved to the file <code>'img\\STO_110_300_map.dat'<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">We will compose the map of focal changes in a first loop over a range from 0.5 nm up to 10.0 nm defocus in 20 steps, and over wavefunctions of objects with 2, 4, 6, &#8230;, up to 40 slices in a second loop. We choose now th size of the map such that a [110] unit cell is displayed for each combination of defocus and thickness. As a unit cell covers 64 x 45 pixels when using the same sampling rate as in the previous calculations, we need an image of 1280 x 900 pixels to cover the complete variation range. Accordingly the output image size is changed in line 7 of the parameter file:<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1280, 900 ! [pix, pix] image samples (line 7) <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Finally we modify the whole loop section starting from line 23 in the following way:<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span id=\"codepre\">&#8230; <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2 ! number of parameter loops (line 23) <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop parameter class, 1 = aberration <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop parameter index, 1 = defocus <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop variation form, 1 = ramp <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">0.5, 10.0, 20 ! [nm, nm, number] loop range and samples <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;unsused&#8217; ! loop string <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">3 ! loop parameter class, 3 = input wave files <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop parameter index, ignored <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">1 ! loop variation form, 1 = ramp <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">2.0, 40.0, 20 ! [ID, ID, number] loop range and samples <\/span><br><span id=\"codepre\">&#8216;_sl&#8217; ! loop string, prefix before wave number <\/span><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The loop section contains now 2 loops as set in line 23. The first loop is very similar to the loop of the focal series simulation, except for a reduced focal range. The second loop is a loop over input wavefunctions. The wavefunctions are identified by their file name as given in line 1 plus a sub-string containing a three-digit number, which is inserted directly after the sub-string &#8216;_sl&#8217;. The inserted sub-string is changing with each step of the loop, where the first number is 2 and the respective sub-string is &#8216;002&#8217;, and where the last number is 40 and the respective sub-string is &#8216;040&#8217;. The second loop has 20 samples, such that the thickness variation is performed in steps of 2 slices.<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Using the third parameter file in the call to WAVIMG will initiate longer calculation, since an image is produced for each step of the nested loops. As we are not interested in these individual images, but in the total map image alone, we apply the option <code>\/nli<\/code> to prevent WAVIMG from saving the individual loop images:<\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><code>wavimg -prm prm\\wavimg-3.prm \/nli<\/code><\/p>\n\n&nbsp;\n<p class=\"sub1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The resulting image &#8216;img\\STO_110_300_map.dat&#8217; is a raw binary data file containing the map image in 1280 x 900 32-bit floating point intensity values. The map image is displayed below with annotations indicating the scale of the horizontal defocus and the vertical thickness axis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumb-featured-page wp-image-3827\" src=\"https:\/\/er-c.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Example03.Z-T-map-580x380.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"380\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">HR-TEM focus over thickness map of SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> [110].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":3287,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/builder-fullwidth-std.php","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3486","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3486"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3486\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3834,"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3486\/revisions\/3834"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/er-c.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}